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Protein Secondary Structure Estimation Using Linear Prediction and Cepstral Features

 

A method of protein secondary structural classification is proposed. This method uses the mean of the linear prediction derived cepstral feature vectors of protein sequences numerically mapped using two different existing amino acid indexing techniques, namely EIIP and Oobatake-Ooi indexing. The classifier’s performance is evaluated using the resubstitution test, the jackknife test, and the 10-way CV method. It demonstrates a 3% improvement (both for jackknife and resubstitution) over the ACF approach and an 8% (jackknife) and 6% (resubstitution) improvement over the component coupled algorithm which is an AAC approach. The robustness of the proposed classifier is tested. The existing computational approaches for protein structural classification using the 20 normalized frequencies derived from AAC are based on this principle. However, the classifiers primarily using AAC firstly do not have a unique one-to-one mapping between the primary sequence and the normalized frequency vector. Secondly, these methods do not capture similarities in the sequences’ resonant recognition model (RRM) spectra, and other physicochemical properties. These inadequacies can be solved by replacing the AAC based frequency vectors by spectral feature vectors. The spectral features have a unique mapping with the numerically mapped primary sequence and they have been found to exhibit better capabilities in capturing the global similarities between sequences  

Figure 1. Block Diagram of the Proposed Classifier.

The cepstral coefficients are the coefficients of the Fourier transform representation of the logarithm magnitude squared spectrum of the numerical amino acid sequence. The cepstral coefficients obtained by this method represent the fine structure of the amino acid sequence spectrum which is not very useful for pattern classification problems [11] whereas the LP based cepstral coefficients (LPCC) retain only the smoothed spectral behavior (spectral envelope) of the numerically mapped amino acid sequence and hence, serve as a useful tool for pattern classification. These can be derived from the LPC using a recursion formula. The number of cepstral coefficients, L (>=p). The selection of the order of linear prediction p plays a pivotal role in the performance of the clustering algorithm. It varies with the length of the amino acid sequences and also with the size of the datasets used. In our algorithm, we have used L=p in all cases, because the performance of the classifier doesn’t change on increasing L more than p.The proposed algorithm uses the equally weighted mean of the cepstral feature vectors obtained from each sequence mapped using the two indexing techniques, as the final feature vector. We use the Mahalanobis distance metric. There are four clusters, corresponding to the four structural classes of proteins, into which the test sequences are classified. The LxL covariance matrix for each cluster is made up of normalized covariances between the NtxL cepstral coefficients, Nt is the number of training sequences in cluster t where t = α, β, α+β, α/β.

Figure 2. Overall prediction accuracies for jackknife test using the three indexing techniques.

Figure 3. Comparison between Mahalanobis and cepstral distance measure.

The dataset used here consists of 359 proteins extracted from structural class of proteins (SCOP) database. We have used the same dataset used by authors in the component coupled algorithm and the ACF. We use three tests namely, resubstitution test, jackknife test, and the 10-way cross-validation (CV) test. The first two tests have been used by many authors dealing with this problem. We have used an additional 10-way cross-validation method to obtain an upper bound estimate of the classification error. We observe that combining these two techniques improves the performance of the classifier. The use of modified LPCC feature sets not only increases the overall prediction accuracy of the classifier but also demonstrates comparable performance for all the structural classes.
 


J-DSP Editor Design & Development by:
Multidisciplinary Initiative on Distance Learning Technologies
J-DSP and On-line Laboratory Concepts by Prof. Andreas Spanias. For further information contact spanias@asu.edu
Department of Electrical Engineering - Multidisciplinary Initiative on Distance Learning - ASU

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All material Copyright (c) 1997-2008 Arizona Board of Regents.
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